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The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in the field of Chemistry to Moungi G. Bawendi, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Louis E. Brus, at Columbia University, and Alexei I. Ekimov at Nanocrystals Technology Inc., for their roles in the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.

Quantum dots are semiconducting nanoparticles having diameters as small as a few nanometres. Quantum dots are often made up of only a few thousand atoms. To put this in perspective, a quantum dot has the same relationship to the size of a football, as the football has to the size of the Earth. Due to their size, quantum dots have certain properties of both bulk semiconductor materials and individual atoms or molecules, making them useful across various applications.   

When quantum dots are illuminated, electrons are excited from their valence band into their conductance band (photoexcitation). When the excited electron drops back into the valence band, energy is released in the form of light. This is a phenomenon known as photoluminescence. The optoelectronic properties of quantum dots can be adjusted by changing their size and possibly even their shape. The wavelength of the photoluminescence can therefore be fine-tuned in order to emit a specific desired wavelength of visible light.

Quantum dots were first intentionally prepared by Alexei Ekimov during experiments on the effects of dopants on the colour of glass. Ekimov discovered that glass containing copper chloride crystals would have a different colour depending on the crystal’s size. However, Ekimov lived in the Soviet Union where his work was not accessible to scientists on the other side of the iron curtain. Unaware of Ekimov’s work, Louis Brus was the first to prepare quantum dots floating freely in a solution. Brus was working with cadmium sulphide nanoparticles when he discovered that their optical properties would change over time as the particles grew in size.

Almost a decade later, a major breakthrough was achieved by Moungi Bawendi who succeeded in growing nanocrystals of reliable and specific sizes. Bawendi’s preparation methods were easy to use and made quantum dot science much more accessible to scientists around the world.

Today, quantum dots find application in various optoelectronic devices. The light emitting properties of quantum dots are useful in the emerging technology of quantum dot display screens. Quantum dot displays allow for the wavelength emitted by the quantum dots to be precisely controlled. This results in vibrant and true-to-life colour reproduction, surpassing that of conventional LCD and OLED displays. Quantum dot displays offer a more visually impressive display as well as being more eco-friendly and energy-efficient than conventional display devices.

Quantum dots are also capable of the very similar process of turning light into electricity, which forms the basis of solar cells. Unlike traditional solar cell materials, quantum dots can have a wide range of band gaps depending on their size. This means that by taking advantage of mixtures of quantum dot sizes, these mixtures can be made to absorb a wide range of wavelengths from the sun’s rays. This can lead to much more efficient electricity production than is possible using conventional solar panels, which only absorb a narrow range of wavelengths allowing much of the energy to go to waste.

It is clear that Ekimov, Brus, and Bawendi have made a considerable scientific contribution, which will enable whole new fields of research and technology to be realised. Development of new quantum dot based optoelectronic devices is ongoing and is certainly an area in which we expect to see more exciting developments in the future.

We are thrilled to share that Mathys & Squire has upheld its position in the 2024 edition of The Legal 500 for both PATMA: Patent Attorneys and PATMA: Trade Mark Attorneys categories. It is with great satisfaction that we announce a notable increase in the number of our fee earners receiving individual recommendations in this year’s guide.

Patent Partners Chris Hamer, Alan MacDougall, Martin MacLean, Jane Clark, Paul Cozens, Dani Kramer, Philippa Griffin, Juliet Redhouse, James Wilding, Sean Leach, James Pitchford, and Managing Associate Laura Clews who have been listed in the guide for a number of years, as well as Annabel Hector and Andreas Wietzke, who are newly ranked, are all featured in the 2024 edition of the directory.

Mathys & Squire’s trade mark team has also received recognition in the directory. From our trade mark practice, Partners Margaret Arnott, Rebecca Tew and Gary Johnston, and Managing Associate Harry Rowe, have been ranked.

The firm received glowing testimonials for its patent and trade mark practices:

“The key strengths that Mathys & Squire brings to their patent practice are legal excellence, strong communication skills, and unparalleled dedication to client matters.”

“Mathys & Squire is highly recommended for is exceptional professionalism, expertise, and commitment to providing high-quality legal advice. The team’s depth of knowledge in IP law is evident in the insightful guidance it provides.”

“Jane Clark is very experienced in prosecution and oppositions in the field of medical technology.”

“Dani Kramer is highly recommended as an experienced professional with a proven track record in IP matters. He brings valuable expertise and strategic insights to clients, and his dedication and knowledge make him a reliable choice for IP-related services.”

“Andreas Wietzke is highly recommended with extensive experience and expertise in IP law. He provides exceptional legal counsel and support, and his dedication, professionalism, and strategic insights make him a valuable asset in navigating complex IP matters.”

“Paul Cozens has stand-out analysis and industry nous.”

“Annabel Hector is excellent at patent prosecution.”

“Juliet Redhouse’s legal abilities, scientific and technical knowledge, and client engagement is exceptional.”

“Gary Johnston has enormous experience and sound common sense.”

“The trade mark team has proven to be professional, efficient, and reliable.”

“Margaret Arnott’s experience and guidance is valued.”

For full details of our rankings in The Legal 500 2024 guide, please click here.

We extend our gratitude to all our clients and connections who participated in the research, and we extend our congratulations to our individual attorneys who have earned rankings in this year’s guide.

Black History Month is a time to honour and celebrate the significant contributions of black people in various fields throughout history. While we often reflect on the great leaders and civil rights activists, it’s equally important to acknowledge the black innovators and inventors who have made lasting impacts on the world. In this article, we pay tribute to some of the most remarkable individuals whose innovations and inventions have left an indelible mark on science, technology, and medicine.

Lewis Latimer’s profound impact on electrical engineering and the lightbulb

Latimer (1848-1928) was a brilliant inventor and draftsman whose contributions to electrical engineering were foundational to the development of the modern lightbulb. As a key member of Thomas Edison’s team, Latimer played a critical role in improving the design of the incandescent lightbulb, developing a more efficient and longer-lasting filament. His work not only extended the practicality of electric lighting but also paved the way for the widespread adoption of electricity in homes and businesses.

Granville T. Woods’ legacy in the railway industry

A prolific inventor, Woods (1856-1910) held more than 60 patents in various fields, primarily focused on electrical and mechanical innovations. One of his most notable inventions was the multiplex telegraph, which greatly improved the efficiency of communication. Woods’ inventions also extended to the railway industry, where he developed a variety of safety devices and systems that improved the safety and efficiency of rail travel.

George Washington Carver’s transformation of the agricultural industry

Carver (c.1860-1943) was an agricultural scientist and inventor whose work revolutionised farming practices. Born into slavery in the 1860s, he overcame immense challenges to become one of the most influential botanists and inventors of his time. He is best known for his extensive research on peanuts and sweet potatoes, discovering hundreds of innovative uses for these crops. Carver’s inventions ranged from new peanut-based food products to cosmetics and industrial materials, fundamentally transforming the agricultural industry and improving the livelihoods of countless farmers.

Majorie Stewart Joyner’s permanent wave machine

A successful cosmetologist and businesswoman, Joyner (1896-1994) received a patent for her invention of a permanent wave machine in 1928. Her invention revolutionised the way hair styling and haircare were approached, making the process more efficient and accessible.

Charles Drew’s innovative influence on blood transfusion medicine

Dr. Drew (1904-1950) was a renowned physician, surgeon, and medical researcher who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of blood transfusion and blood banking. During World War II, he established the first successful large-scale blood bank program, saving countless lives. Drew’s research on blood plasma preservation and separation techniques laid the foundation for modern blood transfusion medicine, ensuring the safe storage and transport of blood products for medical emergencies.

Patricia Bath’s lasting impact on cataract surgery

An ophthalmologist, inventor, and advocate for healthcare equality, Bath (1942-2019) received a patent for her invention, the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionised cataract surgery by making it more precise and less invasive. Dr. Bath’s groundbreaking work not only restored sight to countless patients but also inspired future generations of black innovators in the medical field.

Maggie Aderin-Pocock’s contributions to space science and innovation

Dr. Aderin-Pocock (1968-) is a British space scientist and science communicator. She is best known for her work in engineering, and holds several patents related to her inventions, including devices designed to improve observational instruments for space telescopes.

During Black History Month, we celebrate the legacy of black innovators and inventors whose contributions have shaped our world for the better. Their work not only improved the lives of their contemporaries but continue to benefit humanity today. As we honour their achievements, let us also remember the importance of fostering diversity and inclusion in all fields to ensure that future generations of innovators have the opportunity to make their mark on history.

Intellectual property (IP) is a key asset for life sciences companies, especially in the form of patents. Valuation of these crucial assets requires a deep understanding of how the industry works and its characteristics.

Drug development and healthcare innovations require significant financing and long timelines to get to the market. Alongside this, the industry’s development milestones are defined by the regulatory process of approval, and due to the very uncertain nature of life sciences research, the outcome is binary. Either the project is a success and brings hundreds of millions to billions of dollars of revenue, or it is a failure, with an average of 92.1% of developments in the pharmaceutical sector not succeeding. Companies mitigate this risk by working on a diverse portfolio, and once one project is successful, its revenues cover the losses incurred by other projects (similar to the venture capital model).

Understanding the value of IP and projects in the life sciences sector allows the owners to make better strategic decisions about its prioritisation, budgeting, licensing or even abandonment.

Valuing the IP in life sciences businesses is complex as there are several factors to be considered, each with its own intricacies, complexities, and uncertainties. These include:

  1. The reason for valuation – this can be for licensing, fundraising, asset backed lending, mergers and acquisitions, litigation, or accounting purposes.
  2. The stage of the IP being valued and its details.
  3. The cashflow forecast attributed to the IP, its timing and success rates. These can be further split into:
    a. Costs required to take the innovation (protected by the IP) to market;
    b. Sales generated once the product (protected by the IP) reaches the market;
    c. The likely timeline for development and sales; and
    d. The probability of success for the innovation at each stage/key milestone.
  4. The discount rate to be used when calculating the present value of the future cashflows.

The purpose of the valuation has impact on what type of valuation model is used. Similarly, the details of the IP, its stage, and what product it protects influence the factors involved in the valuation – modelling of the potential sales, discount rate, costs of development, probability of success.

For pharmaceutical companies, patents are the most important type of IP, and one would look at least at the following to get an understanding of the asset – ownership of IP and any outstanding contractual provisions, stage of prosecution, remaining useful lifetime, patent landscape/freedom  to operate, any legal actions, examination of the patent and opinions from the examiner(s), and what product it protects or is likely to protect (especially in early stages of life sciences developments, as it is very difficult to pinpoint the exact designation of the drug). The reason patents are so important in the pharmaceutical industry is that once a drug comes out of patent protection, sales plummet drastically due to generic drugs taking market share and offering lower prices than the drug previously protected by a patent.

The life sciences development process is very well defined, from lead drug candidate to Phase 3 and New Drug Application, but the timelines, costs, success factors, and potential sales, all depend upon disease area and specifics of the IP/technology. The development information required for an IP valuation is outlined in the table below with some hypothetical numbers.

Once the drug candidate reaches the market, it starts generating sales to cover the development costs of all the failed projects and begins to produce profits for the company. The revenue can be modelled with a sales curve as the drug enters the market and the peak sales, which are the highest sales number a drug will reach during its patent protection lifetime. They can be determined from existing data about average or median sales numbers for a certain disease category, or with a bottom-up approach. The latter approach estimates the peak sales number based on the patient population numbers for the drug (population for geographies of interest, epidemiology, symptomatic population, diagnosed patients, access to health care, treatment rate, etc.), market share (indication, strength of the company in the disease area, brand power, etc.), and price.

There are four main methods that are used for valuing life sciences IP – the discounted cash flow method, the risk adjusted discounted cash flow method (decision tree), Monte Carlo valuation and real options valuation. We will demonstrate the different methods in a future article, further exploring the life sciences IP valuation process.

Mathys & Squire Consulting has experience in valuing life sciences and biotech related IP. Please get in touch with any IP valuation enquiries you might have.

The 2023 Global Innovation Index (GII) has been formally unveiled by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). This latest GII assesses 132 nations, monitoring worldwide innovation patterns in the midst of a challenging landscape marked by sluggish economic rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated interest rates, and geopolitical tensions. Nonetheless, it also reflects the potential of forthcoming innovation waves in the digital age and deep science, along with ongoing technological advancements.

For the 13th consecutive year, Switzerland secures the leading position, with Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore following closely. In terms of innovation progress over the past decade, middle-income economies such as China, Turkey, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Iran have made substantial strides, although China has now slipped out of the ten following their improved 2022 ranking.

Results of the global top 100 Science & Technology cluster rankings

The 2023 GII also continues to examine the most prominent technology innovation hubs for the year. These ‘science and technology (S&T) hubs’ focus on the global centres of innovation characterised by the greatest concentration of scientific authors and inventors.

Tokyo–Yokohama in Japan continues to maintain its leading position, with Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou in China closely trailing, followed by Seoul in the Republic of Korea.

Among S&T-intensive clusters relative to population density, Cambridge in the United Kingdom and San Jose–San Francisco, CA, in the United States take the top two spots. Oxford in the United Kingdom, Eindhoven in the Netherlands, and Boston–Cambridge, MA, in the United States follow suit. Notably, Munich in Germany has also secured a place in the global top 10 most S&T-intensive clusters.

For the first time, China leads the list of countries with the highest number of clusters among the top 100, boasting a total of 24. The United States comes in second with 21 clusters, followed by Germany with nine.

The Global Innovation Tracker 2023

The Global Innovation Tracker monitors essential patterns in investments related to innovation, gauges the speed of technological advancements and their acceptance, and assesses the consequential socioeconomic outcomes.

It is important to understand how innovation is adapting amid the worldwide turbulence generated by increased inflation, escalating interest rates, and geopolitical tensions in the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the latest findings from the Global Innovation Tracker, emerging breakthrough technologies are still offering fresh prospects, yet the societal effects of innovation remain limited.

Key findings from the past year include a mixed performance in science and innovation investment, particularly in light of numerous challenges, and a downturn in innovation financing. While the number of scientific publications continued to rise, the growth rate was slower. Projections indicate an expected real term increase in global government R&D budgets, and major corporate spenders substantially increased their R&D expenditure. However, it remains uncertain whether this can offset the impact of rising inflation. International patent filings stagnated, and venture capital investments experienced a significant decline in value, following the exceptionally high levels seen in previous years, reflecting a deteriorating climate for risk financing.

In the realms of information technology, health, mobility, and energy, significant technological advancements persist, creating fresh opportunities for global development. Computing power remains historically robust, and the costs associated with renewable energy and genome sequencing continue to decrease. A noticeable uptick in technology adoption is gradually expanding access to safe sanitation and connectivity. Electric vehicle adoption is on the rise, and there is a growing demand for increased automation, leading to greater robot installations. However, for most innovation indicators, overall adoption rates still fall in the medium-to-low range, and many countries continue to face insufficient availability of radiotherapy for cancer treatment.

The socioeconomic impact of innovation remains limited. The COVID-19 crisis has disrupted labour productivity, which has currently reached a standstill, and life expectancy has declined for a second consecutive year (although healthy life expectancy is increasing, albeit at a slower pace). Carbon dioxide emissions have continued to grow, albeit at a slower rate than the post-pandemic surge seen in 2021, with no global reductions on the horizon.

The 2023 GII paints a complex picture of the global innovation landscape. In the face of formidable challenges such as the lingering economic effects of COVID-19, alongside growing geopolitical tensions, businesses around the world are now navigating the new innovation landscape in which we find ourselves.

Over the past few months, recent decisions concerning the notion of plausibility and the ability to rely on evidence not provided at the time of filing have been released both at the European Patent Office (EPO) and in the UK. This article will explore the rulings from both jurisdictions and determine the extent to which the two are aligned.

Brief background

The concept of plausibility does not appear in either the Patents Act or the European Patent Convention. Nonetheless, in recent years it has become a major talking point, forming the basis of several decisions across both jurisdictions. Plausibility generally concerns the idea that something (e.g., a technical effect) must have been plausible to the skilled person at the time of filing, and largely relates to what was disclosed in the application as originally filed.

Europe – G2/21

The decision stemmed from European patent 2484209, which relates to an insecticide made up of a particular combination of compounds. Specifically, claim 1 of the granted patent relates to a composition comprising two insecticidal compounds – thiamethoxam and ‘a compound of formula 1a.’ A template for formula 1a is shown below.

The claim itself defines R1-R5 and X as particular chemical groups, and also excludes three particular compounds from falling under the scope of formula 1a. Although the cited prior art had disclosed thiamethoxam and compounds of the aforementioned formula 1a individually, no combination of the two had been recited. With regard to inventive step, the applicant argued that the technical effect of this specific combination was a synergistic effect of the compounds against two particular species of moth and provided data to support this.

The granted patent was opposed, during which the opponent filed new data which appeared to contradict the proprietor’s arguments by suggesting that a combination of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole (a compound that falls within the scope of formula 1a) did not have a synergistic effect against one of the two moth species. This would mean that the technical effect was not achieved across the whole scope of the claims.

In response to this, the proprietor provided post-published evidence in the form of data allegedly showing that the synergistic effect was achieved against a third species of moth. The Opposition Division was satisfied that the technical effect could therefore be reformulated as providing a synergistic effect against the third moth species. While the Opponent did not dispute this, they did argue that this synergistic effect against the third species of moth was not plausible from the application as originally filed and so requested that the post-published evidence be dismissed.

The subsequent decision to reject the Opposition was appealed, with the case eventually making its way up to the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBA) in a bid to ascertain the extent to which the post-published evidence could be relied on.

Ahead of the ruling, it was anticipated that the EBA would align their decision with one of the three so-called standards of plausibility, which are described below.

Standards of plausibility

The below table helps to summarise what types of evidence can be admitted according to the three different standards.

The Board of Appeal provided the following questions to the EBA.

  1. Should an exception to the principle of free evaluation of evidence be accepted in that post-published evidence must be disregarded on the ground that the proof of the effect rests exclusively on the post-published evidence?

In other words, should the ‘ab initio plausibility’ standard be applied?

In other words, should the ‘ab initio implausibility’ standard be applied?

In response to question 1, the EBA concluded that the principle of free evaluation of evidence could not be used to disregard evidence per se, since doing so could deprive a party of the basic legal procedural right to be heard and to provide evidence. As such, evidence submitted to prove a technical effect relied upon for inventive step may not be disregarded solely on the ground that such evidence was post-published.

Turning to questions 2 and 3, the EBA (perhaps wisely) steered away from the concept of plausibility. Noting that the term itself “does not amount to a distinctive legal concept or a specific patent law requirement under the EPC”, the EBA deemed plausibility to be nothing more than a ‘generic catchword’ and instead focused the issue at hand towards precisely what the skilled person would have understood from the application at the time of filing, rather than what they might have considered credible.

With this in mind, the EBA came to the conclusion that a technical effect may be relied upon for inventive step if the skilled person, having the common general knowledge in mind and based on the application as originally filed, would consider the technical effect as being encompassed by the technical teaching and embodied by the same originally disclosed invention. On this basis, the patentee was able to rely on their post-published evidence concerning the third moth species and so the claims were found to be inventive. The appeal was therefore dismissed.

A key point to note from this is that there is no requirement for such a technical effect to be directly supported by data in the original application – an effect that is only supported by post-published evidence may still be sufficient to be considered as encompassed by the technical teachings within.

The outcome is largely positive news for applicants, since it has avoided some of the difficulties that may have arisen from a verdict falling directly within the constraints of the ab initio plausibility standard. The fact that post-published evidence can be relied on will be particularly welcome news to applicants for whom early filings are a necessity. Nonetheless, the ruling does swing the burden of proof back to the applicant, and it will therefore be crucial for applicants to strike a balance between getting applications on file promptly and ensuring that there is sufficient data to support any technical assertions made later on during prosecution.

UK – Sandoz v BMS ([2023] EWCA Civ 472)

Prior to this decision, the benchmark for plausibility in the UK was Warner-Lambert v Actavis, in which it was ruled that that a patent specification must render plausible, at the filing date of the application, that the technical effect embodied in the claimed invention can be achieved. The ruling laid the ground for the UK Courts to treat plausibility as a valid legal concept (despite the fact that it does not appear in the Patents Act) and has ensured that it remains part of the common vernacular among UK attorneys.

However, as described above, the EPO decision G 2/21 seemingly renounced plausibility as a legal concept. This left the UK Courts in an awkward position whereby the Supreme Court deemed plausibility to be a legal concept and requirement for grant, yet the EPO deemed the opposite. It was therefore hoped that the present ruling might be able to reconcile these two decisions.

The case stemmed from European patent EP(UK) 1427415. Claim 1 was directed towards apixaban, an anticoagulant medical compound. This compound is a factor Xa inhibitor, and the alleged technical effect of the claim was the compound’s use against thromboembolic disorders (e.g., blood clots).

The specification itself had no specific data to directly support apixaban’s usefulness against such disorders. Indeed, the closest the description came to this was a section in which it recites that “a number of compounds of the present invention were found to exhibit a Ki of <10 µM, thereby confirming the utility of the compounds of the present invention as effective Xa inhibitors.” While this generic statement suggests that a large number of compounds (including apixaban) could be used as inhibitors of factor Xa, there was no data specifically showing apixaban’s capabilities in this regard.  Nonetheless, the application proceeded to grant, after which a revocation action was brought by Sandoz and Teva on the grounds of sufficiency and inventive step, due to the supposed lack of plausibility.

The High Court deemed that apixaban’s use as a factor Xa inhibitor would not have been plausible to the skilled person at the time of filing, and therefore found the patent to lack sufficiency and inventive step. BMS appealed, arguing that “in the case of a claim to a single chemical compound, there is no requirement that the specification makes it plausible that the compound is useful.” BMS further argued that “it is sufficient that the specification discloses the structure of the compound and a method of synthesis and contains an assertion of potential utility for the compound, provided that that assertion is not manifestly speculative or wrong.”

Rather than aligning with the EPO on the matter of plausibility, the Court of Appeal conceded that, at least in this instance, it was bound by the Supreme Court decision in Warner-Lambert v Actavis. The recent EBA decision in Europe did not merit a departure from the precedent set in the UK Courts. Arnold LJ deemed that the earlier Supreme Court majority decision in Warner-Lambert was equivalent to an ab initio plausibility test (with the minority decision relating to an ab initio implausibility test), and despite considering several of the points raised in G 2/21, held that the plausibility standard set out in Warner-Lambert should remain the same. With reference to G 2/21, he commented that the EBA decision should be treated as an endorsement of the ab initio plausibility standard that formed the basis of the majority decision in Warner-Lambert, using this as justification not to deviate from the earlier Supreme Court ruling.

Arnold LJ subsequently upheld the decision of the High Court and ruled that post-published data could not be used as a substitute for sufficient disclosure in the specification. In his remarks, he stated that the description “gives the skilled team no reason for thinking that there is a reasonable prospect that the assertion will prove to be true”, adding that “it is therefore speculative.”

Whether or not BMS attempt to elevate the matter to the Supreme Court remains to be seen, but in any case, the idea of plausibility in UK patents will remain a hot topic. The Supreme Court is due to hear the appeal of Fibrogen v Akabia in March 2024, which will no doubt build upon the decisions made in Sandoz vs BMS.

For the time being, it appears that rather than aligning, the plausibility approaches in the UK and in Europe are diverging further. In particular, the UK approach appears to be less favourable to applicants than its European counterpart, and applicants are advised to ensure that they have sufficient data in their specifications to back up any technical assertions that may be made during prosecution. 

Mathys & Squire is delighted that Partners Sean Leach, Anna Gregson, Dani Kramer and Martin MacLean have all been identified in the 2023 edition of IAM Strategy 300: The World’s Leading IP Strategists. This prestigious acknowledgment celebrates individuals who are at the forefront of crafting and executing strategies to optimise the worth of intellectual property (IP) portfolios. The guide features professionals from various backgrounds, including service providers, corporations, research institutions, and universities, who are driving innovation in IP strategy development and implementation.

Recognised as top-tier experts in IP strategy, these individuals are selected through confidential nominations and subjected to thorough research interviews with senior figures from the global IP sector, including senior corporate IP managers across North America, Europe, and Asia, as well as external IP service providers. After this meticulous assessment, only those possessing outstanding skill sets and profound understanding of IP value generation, creation, and administration earn a spot in the IAM Strategy 300.

The 2023 rankings are available via the IAM website.

We would like to thank our clients and contacts who took the time to provide feedback to the research team at IAM Strategy 300. 

We are pleased to announce the appointment of a Partner and Head of Trade Marks Helen Cawley.

With over 20 years’ of experience in the trade mark field, both in-house and in private practice, Helen joins from European intellectual property law firm D Young & Co LLP. Helen’s expertise lies in contentious matters, as well as clearance searches and prosecution work.

Helen’s role at Mathys & Squire will be to further develop the trade mark practice, with an emphasis on long term strategic growth.

Throughout her career, Helen has gained a wealth of experience in trade mark prosecution and portfolio management, and is well known for her work on oppositions and cancellation actions for multinational brands, as well as non-profit organisations.

She is a member of the Chartered Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys (CITMA) and the International Trade Mark Association (INTA). Helen regularly attends INTA conferences – both the Annual and Leadership meetings. Regular travel has enabled Helen to develop a strong network of contacts throughout the world, most notably in the USA and Japan.

Helen has also overseen training and development of trade mark attorneys as well as trade mark paralegals and all related support services.

Alan MacDougall, a senior Partner at Mathys & Squire, says: “We are very excited to welcome Helen to our team of trade mark attorneys. Trade marks is an area that we have been growing as a firm and is an important part of our overall strategy.”

Helen’s experience will stand Mathys & Squire in good stead as we look to take our trade mark practice to the next level.”

Helen Cawley says: “I am delighted to be joining Mathys & Squire and thrilled to have the opportunity to lead their renowned trade marks team. Together, we can take the next major step in furthering our strategic development and growth.”

This release has been published in The Trademark Lawyer and Solicitors Journal.

This decision of the European Patent Office (EPO) Boards of Appeal clarifies that the concept of ‘whole range sufficiency’ applies to all types of inventions, not just to fields of chemistry and medical use, and highlights the potential dangers in reaching for too much in broadly claimed mechanical inventions that often encompass technically reasonable embodiments not described.

Background to whole range sufficiency

A fundamental legal requirement for a patent application is to disclose an invention in sufficient detail to enable it to be reproduced by a notional skilled person without undue burden using their common general knowledge (Article 83 EPC). According to established case law, in order to meet the requirements of Article 83 EPC, a detailed description of at least one way of carrying out the invention must be given in the application, but this is sufficient only if it allows the invention to be performed across the whole claim scope (see CLBA II-C 5.2 and 5.4).

Since the application is addressed to a skilled person armed with the common general knowledge in the field, a lot of weight is often given to the skilled person’s knowledge and ability to fill in gaps and missing details in a disclosure, and even to exclude certain embodiments falling with the scope of the claim that make no technical sense, in order to put the invention into practice and meet the requirements of Article 83 EPC (CLBA II-C 4.1). In fact, the EPO explicitly discourages the drafter from describing every little detail of an invention for this reason (see GL Part F-III 1). As such, a sufficiency objection requires there to be serious doubts, substantiated by verifiable facts, that the skilled person would be able to work the invention as claimed.

The sufficiency requirement can often be satisfied by providing a detailed description of a single working embodiment falling within the scope of the claims (which is also a formal description requirement of Rule 43(1)(e) EPC). Indeed, this is often the case for mechanical and electronic-type inventions which are typically defined by concrete structural elements with some specific function(s) that attempt to generalise the teaching in the description. But it may not be the case for certain inventions, such as chemistry and medical use inventions, that cover a broad field and range of embodiments whereby the inherent doubt that the invention can be reproduced over the claim scope is higher. For such broadly claimed inventions, the description may need to go to greater lengths in detailing a series of embodiments covering the “whole range claimed” to satisfy Article 83 EPC (see e.g. T 409/91, reasons 2; T 435/91, reasons 2.2.3; T 862/11, reasons 5.2 (b); T 941/16, reasons 9; all in the field of chemistry). This is even more the case where a claim contains a functional element defining a desired technical effect or result to be achieved, whereby the effect should be plausibly achieved over the whole claim scope to satisfy Article 83 EPC (see GL Part F-III, 12 and CLBA II-C, 6.1).

The concept of ‘whole range sufficiency’ would thus appear to be a matter of settled case law – a fundamental principle applying to any invention irrespective of the technology or how it is claimed. However, in a number of recent EPO case law decisions in the field of mechanics (see e.g. T 2773/18 reasons 3.2; T 500/20 reasons 3.6; T 1983/19 reasons 2.1.3; and T 0155/21 reasons 5.3.3), the Boards have suggested that the concept of whole range sufficiency was developed in the fields of chemistry where a central aspect of the invention usually resides in a range of compositions or other parameter values, and is not necessarily applicable to inventions in other fields such as mechanics that do not involve a range of parameter values or compositions.

In particular, the Board in T 500/20 stated (see reasons 3.6) “In claimed inventions that do not involve a range of parameter values or compositions basing an argument of insufficiency on this approach [the whole range sufficiency approach] is inappropriate and can be rejected offhand for that reason.”

These decisions might therefore throw some uncertainty surrounding how sufficiency is to be assessed for different types of inventions. The question of whether the concept of whole range sufficiency should be limited to any specific technical field is specifically addressed in decision T 0149/21.

Decision T 0149/21 – summary of facts and submissions

T 0149/21 was an appeal against the decision of the Opposition Division to maintain the patent as granted (EP2630545). The patent in suit (EP2630545) relates to a method for reducing the energy consumption of a rolling mill installation and is thus firmly set in the field of mechanics. During the operation of such a plant, there are rolling breaks of the rollers of different lengths, e.g., for a roll change or in case of malfunctions. In the event of unplanned rolling breaks, the system components that are not directly affected by the rolling break (e.g., fume extraction, hydraulic systems, heating, sensors, etc.) are normally not switched off and continue to consume power. The invention is aimed at “maximizing the energy-saving potential of a rolling mill during a break in rolling” by automatically shutting down as many of the system components as possible whose shut-down and re-start time is shorter than the duration of the rolling break.

Claim 1 as granted specified a method including steps of, among other things (paraphrasing):

a. identifying a type of fault that led to an unplanned rolling break and feeding that to a control device, and

b. the control device determining the probable duration of the rolling break based on the identified type of fault.

In the decision under appeal, the Opposition Division concluded that the patent was sufficiently disclosed for a person skilled in the art to carry it out, namely because at least one way of carrying out the invention within the scope of the claims is described. Specifically, in paragraphs [0008] and [0025] of the patent in suit, an embodiment is described in which a ‘roller operator’ manually identifies the type of fault who then inputs this to a control device (c.f. step a). The control device then determines the probable duration of the rolling break (cf. step b) on the basis of a database ‘fault matrix.’

The decision

The Board in T 0149/21 disagreed with the Opposition Division. In interpreting the claims (see reasons 2.1-2.2), the Board considered the feature of step (a) to encompass both manual identification (i.e. performed by the roller operator as in paragraphs [0008] and [0025]) and automatic identification of faults. The Board further noted that claim 1 is not limited to any particular type of fault, so the fault in steps (a) and (b) can include previously known faults or unknown faults.  

The Board considered, with regards to step (a), that the patent only describes manual fault identification, and the skilled person would not be able to provide for automatic identification only on the basis of his general knowledge. With regards to step (b), in the Board’s view, the determination of a probable duration of the rolling break based on a fault matrix, as set out in paragraph [0025] of the patent in suit, can only be made for faults that are already known (see reasons 2.2). No other ways of determining the duration of the rolling break are described in the patent. Thus, it is not clear how the probable duration of faults that are previously unknown could be determined based on the information in the patent and common general knowledge.

The proprietor had argued (see reasons 3.2 and 3.5 of the decision) that, according to case law, it was sufficient that at least one way of carrying out the invention was shown in order to satisfy Article 83 EPC, and that the requirement of whole range sufficiency was not applicable to the field of mechanical inventions, citing T 2773/18, T 500/20 and T 1983/19. Whether other ‘exotic’ scenarios also fall within the scope of the claim is irrelevant in this context. The proprietor argued that the consideration of all the possible types of faults that might fall within the claim scope would lead to an excessive requirement on the enforceability of Article 83 EPC, and used examples such as a nuclear bomb exploding or an airplane crashing into the rolling mill as unknown fault types causing the rolling break.

However, the Board held that while the indication of one way of carrying out the claimed invention is sufficient to satisfy the description requirement under Rule 42(1)(e) EPC, it is not necessarily sufficient to satisfy Article 83 EPC. According to the settled case law of the Boards of Appeal, the claimed invention must be capable of being carried out over the entire claimed area (see e.g. T 409/91, reasons 2; T 435/91, reasons 2.2.3; T 862/11, reasons 5.2 (b); T 941/16, reasons 9; all in the field of chemistry), and this jurisprudence is usually not limited in any way to the respective subject area. To support this view, the Board cited a large body of case law supporting the application of ‘whole range sufficiency’ to fields outside of chemistry and medical uses, including electrical engineering (see e.g. T 1542/12, reasons 2.1.1; T 2210/16, reasons 3.2; T 1306/17, reasons 4.2), physics (see e.g. T 2305/14, reasons 3.2; T 222/17, reasons 12; T 1921/19, reasons 1.1.3), and mechanics (see e.g. T 1905/10, reasons 1.3.3; T 2431/11 reasons 4.2 and 4.10). Further, the Board noted that the requirement of whole range sufficiency is in line with fundamental legal and political concern that, in principle, the exclusive right conferred by a patent with regards to its claim scope should be limited by the actual contribution to the state of the art (see T 435/91, reasons 2.2.1).

Notably, the Board made a distinction between embodiments falling within the scope of the claims that are ‘technically reasonable’ which the skilled person would objectively understand, and those which are merely ‘theoretically possible.’ The latter, for which the nuclear bomb and plane crash scenarios put forward by the proprietor are clearly examples of, are not a technically sensible and can be ignored for the purposes of Article 83 EPC, whereas the former should be taken into account for the purposes of Article 83 EPC.

In the present case, the embodiments of automatic identification of a fault type and previously unknown fault types are, in the Boards’ view, examples of technically reasonable embodiments falling within the scope of the claims, because the skilled person would be familiar with the possibility of automatically identifying a type of fault in the context of a rolling mill through common general knowledge, and previously unknown faults (new faults) can legitimately occur (see reasons 3.7).

Consequently, the Board held (contrary to the Opposition Division’s view in reasons 4.3 of the contested decision) that claim 1 is not sufficiently disclosed across its whole scope (see reasons 3.10-3.11).

Summary

The decision in T 0149/21 clarifies that the concept of whole range sufficiency is not limited in any way to a particular technical field and emphasises that all ‘technically reasonably’ embodiments falling with the entire scope of the claims should be sufficiently disclosed to meet the requirements of Article 83 EPC. Accordingly, care should be taken when drafting applications in all fields of technology to consider all the technically feasible variants and ensure there is sufficient information in the application to put them into practice.

In particular, reaching too far with broadly claimed functional features (so-called ‘free beer’ claims) in the fields of mechanics, electronics and physics, which by design may comprise an indefinite and abstract host of possible alternatives, could be problematic if only one way of carrying out the invention is described. In such cases, a single example may suffice if the patent discloses a technical concept fit for generalisation and a generalisable teaching which makes the host of variants encompassed by the functional definition available to the skilled person (see CLBA II-C 5.4).

Data and commentary provided by Mathys & Squire has featured in an article by Tech.EU and Life Sciences Intellectual Property Review providing an update on the rise of patent applications submitted by universities.

An extended version of the press release is available below.

The UK’s 50 largest universities* filed 433 new patent applications last year**, shows new research from Mathys & Squire, the leading intellectual property law firm, as they increasingly commercialise the output of their research programmes.

Iain Armstrong, Partner at Mathys & Squire, says UK universities have made substantial efforts in recent years to both increase the commercial value of their research work and to protect this IP through patent applications.

The impact of university generated IP has been noticeable in areas such as material science, biotech and pharmaceuticals. For example, the UK’s first approved COVID vaccine was developed at Oxford University.

Largely centered around Cambridge University, Cambridge has become one of Europe’s most successful technology clusters, home to 12 companies valued at more than $1 billion, including pharmaceutical giant, AstraZeneca.

Cambridge University has acted as catalyst for many of these companies, with output either directly based on research produced by the university or in collaboration with research teams. Others are founded or staffed by Cambridge alumni.

The most prolific UK university, in terms of patent filings, last year was the University of Oxford. Oxford University Innovation, who manage the university’s IP, have an admirable track record of successfully launching spinout businesses and attracting investment based on the university’s IP. The university has built up a reputation as a leader in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals***.

Many of the patent applications filed by UK universities are in areas in which technological progress is in high demand. This includes nanotechnology, green technology and artificial intelligence.

Universities in the US still lead the way for IP innovation. The most prolific filer of patent applications last year were Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, which filed 329 and 247 applications respectively.

Legislation such as the Bayh-Dole Act has helped the US lead the way in patent filings. The act creates an arrangement where the government have a quick route into protecting US technology by giving patent ownership to the university. In turn, the university is incentivised to take full ownership through a slice of royalties for a project it didn’t need to fund****.

Iain Armstrong says the UK Government should consider taking a leaf from the US Government’s book, increasing support for financing IP innovation, taking inspiration from schemes that are available to US academic and research institutions.

Iain Armstrong, says: “The past few decades have seen UK universities progress leaps and bounds in turning their research into intellectual property.”

“UK universities are home to some of the world’s brightest minds but there is clearly more potential to be unlocked. Helping remove some of the red tape and providing much needed funding would go a long way towards helping the UK catch up with the US.”

“Utilising universities’ ability to produce intellectual property and work alongside businesses is something the United States is particularly good at. It wouldn’t hurt for the UK Government to consider taking a leaf from their book.”

*By number of students

**Year end September 30 2022, research used WIPO patentscope

***Oxford University Innovation

****Syracuse University

*Year-end December 31